SynthesisSports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)2026
Ground Reaction Force and Centre of Pressure During the Golf Swing and Associations with Clubhead Speed and Skill Level: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Return to Golf Rehabilitation Progression after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using an Evidence-Based Foundation.International journal of sports physical therapy · 2026Article
- Training the proprioceptive and propulsive function of the foot for improved technique and enhanced performance of the golf swing: a pilot study.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- Kinetic characteristics of Wushu Changbing PiJi: decoupling sex-specific adaptive strategies via functional principal component analysis.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundOptimising performance with a driver, fairway woods and long irons is a key focus for many golfers, with the primary goal of hitting the ball as far as possible while maintaining the ball in play. As such, recent years have seen a strong focus in the golf literature on how to maximise performance off the tee by investigating the factors that lead to the increase in clubhead speed (CHS). These factors include: (i) effective use of ground reaction force (GRF) during the swing and (ii) the path followed by the centre of pressure (CoP).
objectivesThe primary purpose of this systematic review was to investigate GRF and CoP within golf research and to identify what associations they have with CHS and skill level.
methodsThis systematic review followed the most recent Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. In total, 129 studies where initially retrieved from SPORTDiscus, Medline and CINAHL databases, with studies meeting the inclusion criteria being subject to Newcastle-Ottawa's quality assessment criteria (with a maximum score of 9 being possible).
resultsA total of 24 studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. Nine empirical investigations showed moderate-to-strong relationships between either: (i) CoP and CHS or (ii) GRF and CHS. In addition, more skilled golfers tended to exhibit higher GRF and superior CHS than less skilled golfers. From a quality assessment standpoint, all 24 studies scored either a 7 or 8.
conclusionsChanges in both CoP and GRF represent important factors which contribute to superior golf performance, as defined by increases in CHS or reduced handicaps. Clearly defined methods for assessing force during the golf swing and universal terminology regarding GRF and CoP metrics are recommended for further research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.