ArticleDiscover oncology2026
Burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer based on GBD 2021.
Article in Discover oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Sputum Liquid Biopsy for Lung Cancer Screening, Diagnosis, Subtyping, Surveillance, Response Prediction, and Prognostication: A Scoping Review.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. This study provides comprehensive estimates of TBL cancer prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) with projections to 2040, stratified by gender, age, and Socio-Demographic Index (SDI).
methodsData were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study, analyzing 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Age-standardized rates were stratified by gender, age, and SDI. Trends were quantified using estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), and future burden was projected using Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort modeling.
resultsIn 2021, TBL cancer caused 3.25 million (95% uncertainty interval: 2.95–3.56 million) prevalent cases globally, with an age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) of 37.3 (33.8–40.8) per 100,000 population. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) was 26.4 (23.9–29.1) per 100,000, and the age-standardized death rate (ASMR) was 23.5 (21.2–25.8) per 100,000, accounting for 2.02 million (1.82–2.22 million) deaths. The age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) was 533 (480.1–586.4) per 100,000. East Asia exhibited the highest ASPR (57.1 per 100,000), ASIR (43.4), ASMR (38.5), and ASDR (869.5). The high-middle SDI region showed the highest overall burden, while the low-SDI region had the lowest. Across all metrics, males had consistently higher rates than females, though the gender gap is projected to narrow by 2040.
conclusionTBL cancer remains a substantial global health burden with significant SDI-related and geographic disparities. Targeted public health interventions, particularly in high-burden regions such as East Asia, are urgently needed to address these inequalities.
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