Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41652584›Full record

SynthesisThe international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity2026

Digital health interventions for promoting adults lifestyle behaviors: who is being left behind? An evidence synthesis of social inequality.

Jiajun Jiang, Qiying Zhong, Zhihua Yin, Qingyuan Zhou, Yanfang Wang, Zijun Yan

Abstract readSystematic Review
In one paragraph

Synthesis in The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Jiajun JiangEast China Normal University, College of Physical Education and Health, Shanghai, 200241, China.
Qiying ZhongEast China Normal University, College of Physical Education and Health, Shanghai, 200241, China.
Zhihua YinEast China Normal University, College of Physical Education and Health, Shanghai, 200241, China. yzhkj86888@sina.com.
Qingyuan ZhouEast China Normal University, College of Physical Education and Health, Shanghai, 200241, China.
Yanfang WangEast China Normal University, College of Physical Education and Health, Shanghai, 200241, China.
Zijun YanEast China Normal University, College of Physical Education and Health, Shanghai, 200241, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDigital health interventions have gained increasing prominence worldwide and demonstrate substantial potential for promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors. However, accumulating evidence suggests that not all population groups benefit equally from these interventions, raising concerns about persistent social inequalities in access, engagement, and outcomes.

methodsThis study conducted an umbrella review to systematically synthesize evidence from review-level studies that examined social inequality indicators in digital health interventions targeting lifestyle behaviors among adults. Comprehensive searches were performed across seven electronic databases, identifying 41 eligible reviews published between January 2000 and June 2025. Data were extracted on targeted behavioral domains, intervention outcomes, and reported social inequality indicators.

resultsThe included reviews primarily focused on interventions targeting physical activity and diet, followed by sedentary behavior and sleep, with behavioral outcomes serving as the main evaluation metrics. Among social inequality indicators, age, gender, and place of residence were most frequently reported. In contrast, indicators such as income, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, education, digital health literacy, and employment were substantially underrepresented. This uneven distribution indicates significant gaps in the current evidence base and suggests that the differential effects of digital health interventions across social groups may be underestimated or overlooked.

conclusionsCurrent review-level evidence on digital health interventions insufficiently captures the full spectrum of social inequalities shaping intervention access, engagement, and benefits. To support more equitable and inclusive health promotion strategies, future research should systematically incorporate a broader range of social inequality indicators and conduct in-depth analyses of the mechanisms underlying unequal intervention effects across diverse demographic and socioeconomic groups.

Indexed as

Digital HealthHealth BehaviorHealth PromotionHealthy LifestyleLife StyleAdultDigital MediaEvidence GapsExerciseHumansSedentary BehaviorSocioeconomic Disparities in HealthSocioeconomic FactorsDigital ageDigital health interventionsLifestyle behaviorsSocial inequalityUmbrella review

Identifiers

PMID41652584
PMCPMC12977709

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.