Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41652545›Full record

ArticleBMC gastroenterology2026

Comparative analysis of bowel preparation quality for colonoscopy: a survey of outpatients and inpatients.

Lin Jiang, Man Wu, Can Dong, Yu Lei, Junlin Li, Tianxu Chen, Ping Zhao, Qian Deng, Juan Rong, Zhiyao Chen and 1 more

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC gastroenterology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Lin Jiang *Department of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
Man Wu *Department of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
Can DongDepartment of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
Yu LeiDepartment of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
Junlin LiDepartment of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
Tianxu ChenDepartment of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
Ping ZhaoDepartment of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
Qian DengDepartment of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
Juan RongDepartment of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
Zhiyao ChenDepartment of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China. zhiyao_chen@yeah.net.
Xiaobin SunDepartment of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China. xbsun1197@163.com.

Funding

the General Project of Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine 25MSZX221the Scientific Research Special Project of Sichuan Association of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine ZXY2025001the Sichuan Science and Technology Program 2025ZNSFSC1800
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe quality of bowel preparation significantly affects the outcome of colonoscopy. Adequate bowel cleansing improves diagnostic accuracy while reducing the need for repeat procedures. Currently, evidence regarding factors associated with inadequate bowel preparation in outpatients and inpatients remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the quality of bowel preparation between outpatients and inpatients undergoing colonoscopy and to identify risk factors for inadequate bowel preparation.

methodsA total of 20,688 patients undergoing sedated colonoscopy were included in this study. Bowel preparation quality was assessed using the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS). Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to adjust the baseline differences between the outpatients and inpatients, followed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to assess risk factors for inadequate bowel preparation. Subgroup analyses were conducted to analyze the differences in bowel preparation quality between outpatients and inpatients.

resultsAfter matching, outpatients had higher BBPS scores than inpatients (7.29 ± 1.06 vs. 6.97 ± 1.19, P < 0.001), and had a higher rate of adequate bowel preparation compared with inpatients (95.95% vs. 93.07%, P < 0.001). Univariate analysis showed that aged ≥ 65 years, ethnic minorities, inpatient status, diabetes, and a history of abdominal surgery were significantly related to inadequate bowel preparation (all P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that aged ≥ 65 years (OR: 1.90; 95% CI: 1.52–2.39; P < 0.001), ethnic minorities (OR: 4.22; 95% CI: 2.91–6.12; P < 0.001), inpatient status (OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.23–1.89; P < 0.001), diabetes (OR: 1.86; 95% CI: 1.13–3.06; P < 0.001) and a history of abdominal surgery (OR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.25–1.93; P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for inadequate bowel preparation. Subgroup analysis showed that rates of bowel preparation adequacy were significantly higher in outpatients than in inpatients.

conclusionsAlthough bowel preparation quality was statistically lower in inpatients than in outpatients, the absolute difference was modest. Aged ≥ 65 years, ethnic minorities, inpatient status, diabetes, and a history of abdominal surgery were independent risk factors for inadequate bowel preparation. Clinical attention should be directed toward patients who present with a combination of these risk factors, which tend to occur more frequently in inpatient settings, to implement individualized preparation strategies.

Indexed as

CatharticsColonoscopyInpatientsOutpatientsAdultAgedAge FactorsFemaleHumansLogistic ModelsMaleMiddle AgedPropensity ScoreRisk FactorsCatharticsBoston bowel preparation scaleBowel preparation qualityColonoscopyInpatientsOutpatientsPropensity score matching

Identifiers

PMID41652545
PMCPMC12977559

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.