ArticleBMC microbiology2026
Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacteria from dairy farm environments in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Article in BMC microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a growing global public health concern. Although many studies in Ethiopia have examined AMR in clinical isolates, there is scarce information on the occurrence and resistance profiles of bacteria in dairy farm settings. Dairy waste can harbor pathogens, and opportunistic pathogens interact with antibiotic residues, leading to the development of resistant bacteria. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacteria from dairy farm environments in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from June 2023 to March 2024. The samples were transported under sterile conditions and subsequently cultured on blood agar. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines version 34. The data were verified for completeness and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 27. Chi-Square was used to assess the significance of differences between seasons, with a p-value of less than 0.05 considered statistically significant.
resultsOut of the total samples collected, 137 bacterial isolates were recovered from the dairy farm environment, with the highest proportion, 76 (50.7%), found in fecal samples. Enterobacter spp. 28 (20.4%) and E. coli 20 13.3%) were the most frequently isolated species among the bacterial isolates. E. coli showed the highest percentage of multidrug resistance, 12 (60%), among the tested isolates. Gram-positive bacteria had the highest resistance rates against penicillin 12 (52.2%) and tetracycline 11 (47.8%), whereas Gram-negative bacteria showed the highest resistance against ampicillin 68 (73.9%). Multidrug resistance was present in 46% of the bacterial isolates.
conclusionDairy farm waste contains multidrug-resistant bacteria, which can contaminate crops and water, posing a threat to public health. Therefore, proper antimicrobial use and the management of manure and wastewater effluents are essential in dairy farm settings.
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