ArticleBMC medical genomics2026
Genome-wide profiling of salivary promoter-region DNA methylation in periodontitis: the Tromsø Study.
Article in BMC medical genomics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundMethylation of DNA is an epigenetic reversible process that regulates gene expression. Aberrant promoter methylation is associated with chronic inflammation; however, the genome-wide DNA promoter methylation signature in periodontitis remains unexplored.
methodsThe present study is an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) aimed at investigating salivary DNA methylation patterns within gene promoter regions in individuals with Stage III/IV periodontitis compared to healthy controls. Cases (all available individuals with Stage III/IV and probing pocket depths (PPD) > 5 mm, n = 50, 48% women) were participants in an oral health examination (40–54-year-old subsample, n = 1668) of the population-based seventh survey of the Tromsø Study, conducted from 2015 to 2016. Periodontally healthy controls with similar age and sex to the cases (n = 50, 58% women) were randomly selected from the same subsample. We used the Illumina DNA methylation BeadChip technology, targeting ~ 935 K unique methylation sites. The R package RnBeads was used to study the difference in methylation. Separate lists of all significantly (comb.p.adj.fdr < 0.05) hypomethylated (hypoMPs, n = 3411) and hypermethylated (hyperMPs, n = 3437) promoters in participants with periodontitis relative to controls were used as inputs for enrichment analysis (g:Profiler) and network visualization (Cystoscape).
resultsGene ontology terms enriched among the hypoMPs included DNA biosynthesis, cell cycle/checkpoint, nuclear chromosome, endoplasmic reticulum, regulation of inflammatory response and leucocyte activation, cell adhesion, TRIF-dependent Toll-like receptor signaling, tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT proteins, regulation of PI3K/Akt, collagen extracellular matrix, and mucopolysaccharide metabolic process. HyperMPs were enriched in mRNA catabolism, mitochondrial electron transport, intrinsic apoptotic signaling, B-lymphocyte differentiation, actin cytoskeleton, regulation of extracellular matrix organization, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, ubiquitination, wound healing, acylglycerol metabolism, and serine/threonine signaling. NF-κB, GMEB-1, and IRF-8 were enriched in hypoMPs; ZFP85, ELF-5, and HNF4-alpha in hyperMPs.
conclusionsWe identified a differential DNA promoter methylation signature in participants with Stage III/IV periodontitis in middle adulthood. Our study highlights biological pathways involved in inflammation, immune response, tissue destruction, and repair that may be epigenetically dysregulated.
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