ArticleBMC oral health2026
Distinct bacteria profiles in primary and secondary/persistent endodontic infections: a 16S rRNA gene sequencing study.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThis study investigated the bacterial community composition, phenotypes, and differentially abundant taxa in primary and secondary/persistent endodontic infections.
methodsBacterial profiles of 12 primary and 12 secondary/persistent endodontic infections were analyzed using 16 S V3-V4 next-generation sequencing. Reads were processed into ASVs using DADA2 in Qiime2, and taxonomy was assigned with the SILVA dataset. Alpha and beta diversity were compared between groups using Kruskal-Wallis and PERMANOVA. LEfSe identified differentially abundant taxa (LDA > 2), and Bugbase predicted community phenotypes, which were compared with the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test.
resultsThe alpha-diversity and beta-diversity are higher in the secondary/persistent group than in the primary one. In the primary group, anaerobic, Gram-negative, and potentially pathogenic microbes are dominant, whereas facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive microbes are more prevalent in the secondary/persistent group. The bacterial metabolic phenotype is associated with the tooth condition. Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis reveals that the relative abundance of genera Clostridia_vadinBB60_group and Rothia are higher in the primary group, while Saccharimonadaceae, Veillonella, Actinomyces, Granulicatella, Haemophilus, Bergeyella, Leptotrichia, Capnocytophaga, TM7x, Neisseria, Centipeda, and Saccharimonadales are more dominant in the secondary/persistent group.
conclusionSignificant differences in species and abundance were present between primary and secondary/persistent endodontic infections, with the bacterial community being more diverse in secondary/persistent group than in primary one. The taxonomic and phenotypic information derived from microbiome analysis helps elucidate the microbial basis for primary and secondary/persistent infections, identify potential causes of treatment failure, and guide downstream irrigation protocol, retreatment strategy, and risk assessment.
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