Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41651882›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Development of engineered magnetic liposome/exosome hybrid as a novel caffeine nanocarrier for restraining liver fibrosis induced in rats.

Yara E Elakkad, Hanan Refai, Hanaa H Ahmed, Ahmed N Abdallah, Menna M Abdellatif, Ola A M Mohawed, Rehab S Abohashem

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Yara E ElakkadPharmaceutics Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Giza, 12566, Egypt.
Hanan RefaiPharmaceutics Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Giza, 12566, Egypt.
Hanaa H AhmedHormones Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
Ahmed N AbdallahHormones Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
Menna M AbdellatifIndustrial Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th October City, Giza, 12566, Egypt.
Ola A M MohawedHormones Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
Rehab S AbohashemHormones Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt. Rs.el-deeb@nrc.sci.eg.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Liver fibrosis, a severe health issue linked to liver injury, inflammation, and cell death, often progresses to liver cancer without effective treatments. In this study, an exosome-nanoliposome hybrid loaded with caffeine (Caff) was developed for the management of liver fibrosis. The role of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) in promoting targeted delivery to the liver was also investigated. Caff-loaded liposomes with variable phospholipid and stearylamine molar ratios were prepared and characterized. The formula with optimized characteristics (Caff/liposomes) selected by Design Expert exhibited a particle size of 179.73 ± 3.1 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.19 ± 0.02, an entrapment efficiency of 89.79 ± 21%, and a zeta potential of -35.50 ± 1.1 mV, and was used to encapsulate SPION. Caff/SPION liposomes were further loaded into exosomes, isolated from bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells, and visualized by TEM. The biological experiment was conducted on rats with thioacetamide-induced liver injury to reveal the efficacy of exosome-Caff/SPION liposome hybrid (F1) in comparison to exosome-Caff/liposomes (F2) and exosome-SPION/liposomes (F3). Among all the tested formulations, F1 demonstrated the most promising results regarding liver function markers (ALT and AST), inflammatory molecules (IL-6, IL-10, TLR-4, Myd88, NF-κB), fibrotic protein (α-SMA), hepatocyte proliferative capacity (PCNA), as well as liver histoarchitecture. This finding suggests that the engineered Caff/SPION liposome-exosome hybrid can effectively enhance the targeting of the drug and the homing of exosomes to the injured liver, thereby representing a novel strategy for treating liver fibrosis.

Indexed as

CaffeineDrug CarriersExosomesLiposomesLiver CirrhosisMagnetic Iron Oxide NanoparticlesAnimalsLiverMaleParticle SizeRatsRats, Sprague-DawleyThioacetamideCaffeineDrug CarriersLiposomesThioacetamideCaffeineExosome/liposome hybridExosomesLiver fibrosisNanoliposomesSPIONThioacetamide

Identifiers

PMID41651882
PMCPMC12880976

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.