ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2026
Theoretical limits for sensing through phase separation.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Biomolecular condensates form on timescales of seconds in cells upon environmental or compositional changes. Condensate formation is thus argued to act as a mechanism for sensing such changes and quickly initiating downstream processes, such as forming stress granules in response to heat stress and amplifying cyclic GMP-AMP synthase enzymatic activity upon detection of cytosolic DNA. Here, we study a dynamical model of droplet nucleation and growth to demonstrate how phase separation allows cells to discriminate small concentration differences on finite, biologically relevant timescales. We propose optimal sensing protocols, which use the sharp onset of phase separation. We show how, given experimentally measured rates, cells can achieve rapid and robust sensing of concentration differences of [Formula: see text] on a timescale of minutes, offering an alternative to classical biochemical mechanisms.
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