ArticlePloS one2026
Diverse enteric bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogen genes are shed in animal feces in Indiana.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Southern Indiana has intensive livestock production, yet species-resolved fecal pathogen and pathogen associated gene profiles are limited. At 10 sites in southern Indiana (April-June 2024), we collected 128 fecal specimens from 10 hosts: pigs (n = 12), horses (12), cats (12), chickens (12), dogs (22), white-tailed deer (12), sheep (12), goats (12), cows (12), and humans (10). We extracted and assayed total nucleic acids using a custom 43-target TaqMan Array Card (RT-qPCR). Flotation microscopy was performed on pig and dog stools for helminth ova. In-silico specificity checks were conducted for selected targets due to potential for cross reactivity between pathogen species. Most samples (60%, 75/126) were positive for ≥1 target, including enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (eae) 16% and shiga toxin genes (stx1 10%, stx2 6.3%). Higher prevalence of genes associated with specific pathogens and gut microbes in specific animals was common, including E. coli O157:H7 in pigs (42%) and sheep (8.3%); Campylobacter coli in chickens (36%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae in humans (60%) and dogs (9.1%). We found the protozoa Giardia in 15% of samples (notably dogs 32%, cows 33%) and Cryptosporidium in 14% (cats 55%, cows 25%, chickens 27%). Most (55%) chicken samples were positive for Plasmodium, which aligned with evidence of locally circulating avian haemosporidians. The Ascaris lumbricoides assay was positive only in pigs (17%), and we identified Ascaris type eggs in 92% of pig samples via microscopy, suggesting our Ascaris lumbricoides assay cross reacted with Ascaris suum supporting detection of the swine lineage (A. suum). We detected the class 1 integron-integrase gene (intI1) in 43% of stools, concentrated in chickens, pigs, and horses. These findings suggest animal feces poses a public health hazard in Southern Indiana and indicate the need for targeted One Health studies to better understand the public health risks of specific exposures and animal feces management practices (e.g., farm storage capacity, land application timing, soil incorporation/injection, tile-drain proximity).
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.