Disparities and determinants of outcomes in COVID-19 emergency department visits in the united states: a nationwide analysis of mortality and patient disposition.

Aman Goyal, Mohammed A Quazi, Samia Aziz Sulaiman, Zohaa Faiz, Claudia Natalie Aragon Flores, Amir Humza Sohail, Sulaiman Sultan, Adeel Nasrullah, Abu Baker Sheikh

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Article in Internal and emergency medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Aman GoyalDepartment of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. GOYALA7@ccf.org.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8062-5657

Mohammed A QuaziDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, Albuquerque, NM, USA.

Samia Aziz SulaimanSchool of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.

Zohaa FaizDepartment of Medicine, School of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, 74000, Pakistan.

Claudia Natalie Aragon FloresDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA.

Amir Humza SohailDepartment of Surgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.

Sulaiman SultanDivision of Nephrology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.

Adeel NasrullahDepartment of Internal Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Abu Baker SheikhDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze patient outcomes in the emergency departments (EDs) during the peak of the pandemic in 2020, focusing on mortality and disposition, utilizing National Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) data. For this study, we included patients aged 18 and older who presented to the ED and were diagnosed with COVID-19, in 2020. Patient records were analyzed using SAS and Python softwares. Chi-squared tests and logistic regression models were utilized, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The study examined 2,863,207 COVID-19 patients out of 111,683,248 patient visits to the ED. There was a slight preponderance of females (52.6%) compared with males (47.4%), with the majority of patients being 50-69 years old (34%). Females exhibited significantly lower odds of mortality compared with males, with an OR of 0.7 (p < 0.001). Those aged 70 and above (p < 0.001), and Black individuals exhibited significantly higher odds of mortality in the ED (p < 0.001). Our study aims to guide equitable interventions and resource allocation to optimize patient care and mitigate healthcare disparities, particularly by improving access through the ED and better preparing for the future, including other waves of COVID-19 infection with newer variants.

Indexed as

COVID-19Emergency DepartmentMedicineMortalityNEDSPatient disposition

Identifiers

PMID41649678

DOI10.1002/rmv.2509

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.