Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using vegetable waste, possible toxicities, and oxidative stress biomarker in Cyprinus carpio.

Nanotechnology has gained significant attention due to its diverse application history, particularly the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which are different from other nanomaterials due to their strong and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Therefore, this study developed a sustainable approach for synthesizing AgNPs using vegetable waste extract, characterizing them using Uv-vis spectrometer and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to confirm spherical, crystalline, and undersized nanoparticles (NPs). In a 30-day dietary exposure trial with Cyprinus carpio, fish fed AgNP-supplemented feed exhibited significant growth retardation, including reduced weight gain, alongside elevated oxidative stress marked by increased catalase (218.51 ± 6.87), superoxide dismutase (243.33 ± 5.82), (430.27 ± 5.39), and (157.68 ± 4.50) activities in gills and brain, respectively at the 6 mg/L. Histopathological analysis revealed severe gill histological alterations i.e., (lamellar fusion, epithelial lifting), muscular degeneration (fiber necrosis, degeneration), and intestinal damage (villus atrophy, lymphocytes infiltration), indicating systemic toxicity. These findings solve two major problems, i.e., environmental cleanness by shifting vegetable residue into fine particles and a potential aquatic toxicity.