ArticleAmerican journal of biological anthropology2026
Variation in the Angle of the First Pedal Ray Relative to the Midline of the Foot by Sex and Parity History.
Article in American journal of biological anthropology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Predictors and Prevention of Hallux Valgus Recurrence After Primary Surgical Correction: A Structured Narrative Review.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Variation in the Angle of the First Pedal Ray Relative to the Midline of the Foot by Sex and Parity History.American journal of biological anthropology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveAlthough pathological variations of the first pedal ray have been well-studied, non-pathologic variations, including those potentially linked to hormonal changes during pregnancy, have yet to be examined. Here we quantify the angle between the longitudinal axes of the first and third metatarsals and investigate variation in this angle between females and males and nulliparous and parous individuals. MATERIALS AND
methodsFoot CT scans were accessed from Harborview Medical Center and the New Mexico Decedent Image Database. A 3D model was constructed in Avizo Lite 9.0.1 and landmarks were placed on the proximal and distal ends of the first and third metatarsal. The vectors between the landmark sets were used to represent the first and third metatarsal axes. The angle between the two axes was calculated in MATLAB. Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests were used to test for significant differences in this angle between (1) females and males, (2) nulliparous and parous females, and (3) nulliparous females and males.
resultsFemales have a statistically larger angle compared to males (average 10.16° vs. 8.64°, p = 0.03). Parous females have a statistically larger angle than nulliparous females (average 10.44° vs. 8.74°, p = 0.04). Nulliparous females do not significantly differ from males (p = 0.70). DISCUSSION: We propose that the relatively larger angle in females is likely due to hormonal exposure, specifically relaxin, throughout pregnancy given that parous females have a relatively larger angle than both males and nulliparous females by 1.5°-1.7°, while nulliparous females share a similar average angle with males.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.