Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41649055›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of methods in psychiatric research2026

Factor Analysis of the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) and Corresponding Brain Function and Structures.

Konstantinos N Fountoulakis, Calypso Mitkani, Theocharis Kyziridis, Panagiotis Panagiotidis, Eva-Maria Tsapakis

Abstract read
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Article in International journal of methods in psychiatric research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

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0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Konstantinos N FountoulakisDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Calypso MitkaniDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece.ORCID 0000-0001-5257-1057
Theocharis KyziridisDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Panagiotis PanagiotidisDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Eva-Maria TsapakisDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece.ORCID 0000-0002-2649-6732

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveNeurological soft signs (NSS) are minor, non-localizable neurological abnormalities. This study aimed to investigate the factor structure of the Neurological Evaluation Scale. MATERIAL AND

methodsA total of 355 subjects (233 patients and 122 general population subjects). NSS were assessed using the NES. Factor analysis with varimax normalized rotation was applied and produced first, second, third, and fourth-order factors.

resultsThe first factor analysis returned 13 first-order factors. Subsequent analysis returned 7 second-order factors, 3 third-order factors, and ultimately a single fourth-order factor. These factors could theoretically correspond to functional neural circuits and anatomical structures. DISCUSSION: The NES captures three core domains that seem to correspond to attentional control, inhibition, and information processing, further subdivided into sensory process and memory, dysfunctional attentional control, process overload, and impaired inhibition with cerebellar involvement. Further research with structural as well as functional imaging methods will be important to elucidate the mechanisms behind the emergence of NSS and identify individuals at risk for the development of psychosis.

Indexed as

BrainNervous System DiseasesNeurologic ExaminationNeuropsychological TestsAdolescentAdultAttentionFactor Analysis, StatisticalFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedYoung Adultneurodevelopmentneurological abnormalitiesrisk factorssensorimotor integrationsoft neurological signs

Identifiers

PMID41649055
PMCPMC12878801

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.