Human CCR4-NOT suppresses pervasive transcription and retrotransposable elements.

CCR4-NOT regulates multiple steps in gene regulation and has been well studied in budding yeast. Although primarily cytoplasmic, where it plays an essential role in mRNA degradation, the human complex has poorly characterized nuclear functions. Here, we used auxin-induced degradation to rapidly deplete the scaffold subunit CNOT1 and the E3 ligase CNOT4, and characterized the transcriptional functions of the human CCR4-NOT complex. Using transient transcriptome profiling (TT-Seq) to measure ongoing transcription, we found widespread activation of RNA synthesis in depleted cells across genic and intergenic regions. Interestingly, fewer genes were repressed, including KRAB-Zinc-Finger-protein (KZNF) genes, especially those on chromosome 19. KZNFs repress genes and retrotransposable elements (rTEs), and consistent with decreased KZNF expression, rTEs, mainly Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements (LINEs), were activated. Full-length active LINEs and rTEs lying outside of genes were activated, suggesting that the increased transcription is not the direct result of transcription of the genes the rTEs are embedded in. We found that most activated transcription events were in proximity to KZNF binding sites, suggesting that KZNF regulation contributes to the suppression of genic and rTE transcription. Finally, we demonstrate that CCR4-NOT regulates the stability of rTE RNAs, indicating that the complex tightly controls transposon expression by repressing transcription and targeting their RNAs for decay.