Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41648218›Full record

ArticlebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026

Machine learning enables efficient and effective affinity maturation of nanobodies.

Steffanie Paul, Edward P Harvey, James Osei-Owusu, Aaron W Kollasch, Adam J Riesselman, Conor McMahon, Artem Gazizov, Murali Anuganti, Filmawit Belay, Minh Anh Kieu and 7 more

Abstract readPreprint
In one paragraph

Article in bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Steffanie PaulDepartment of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7306-4863
Edward P HarveyDepartment of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3710-3594
James Osei-OwusuDepartment of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8676-4444
Aaron W KollaschDepartment of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9733-8822
Adam J RiesselmanDepartment of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2171-725X
Conor McMahonDepartment of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9971-7869
Artem GazizovDepartment of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.ORCID 0009-0002-9627-3769
Murali AnugantiInstitute for Protein Innovation, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9023-450X
Filmawit BelayInstitute for Protein Innovation, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
Minh Anh KieuInstitute for Protein Innovation, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
Haisun ZhuInstitute for Protein Innovation, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8395-9409
L Robert HollingsworthDepartment of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4130-3580
J Wade HarperDepartment of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6944-7236
Deborah J MoshinskyInstitute for Protein Innovation, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.ORCID 0009-0000-4909-7489
Andre A R TeixeiraInstitute for Protein Innovation, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8348-0235
Debora S MarksDepartment of Systems Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9388-2281
Andrew C KruseDepartment of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1467-1222

Funding

Making antibody generation rapid, scalable, and democratic through machine learning and continuous evolutionR01CA260415 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA-IRVINE · PI KRUSE, ANDREW, LIU, CHANG C · 2020 to 2024
$8.4M
Endolysosomal Proteome Landscapes Through the Lens of Neurodegenerative Risk AllelesR01NS110395 · NINDS · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI JEFFREY W HARPER · 2018 to 2026
$4.1M
Sustained Release Relaxin-2 for the Treatment of Frozen ShoulderR01AR079489 · NIAMS · BOSTON UNIVERSITY (CHARLES RIVER CAMPUS) · PI MARK W. GRINSTAFF, Andrew Kruse · 2022 to 2026
$3.0M
NCI NIH HHS R01 CA260415NIAMS NIH HHS R01 AR079489NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS110395
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Antibodies can bind their targets with exquisite potency and selectivity due in part to large antibody-target protein-protein interaction surface areas. Despite the very large size and diversity of synthetic libraries,

Identifiers

PMID41648218
PMCPMC12871374

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.