Ribosome-associated quality control of aberrant protein production during amino acid limitation.

Amino acids can become limiting for protein synthesis through depletion of charged tRNAs, leading to ribosome stalling and disruption of translation elongation at specific codons. To assess whether this is a mechanism by which amino acid availability can directly influence gene expression, we designed a reporter library to measure translation disruption across all sense codons in the context of amino acid limitations. We found that arginine limitation consistently impairs translation at the arginine codon AGA, resulting in synthesis of proteins from endogenous transcripts. In contrast, GCN2 pathway activation suppresses translation disruption following depletion of most other amino acids. Genome-wide screens revealed that the ribosome quality control trigger (RQC-T) and RQC pathways, which resolve ribosome collisions on defective mRNAs, catalyze ribosome splitting and premature fall-off in response to arginine depletion. Additionally, the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF14, recently shown to clear ribosome A-site obstructions, promotes translation disruption through both ribosome fall-off and frameshifting during arginine limitation. Together, these data show that the RQC machinery is engaged by tRNA-limited ribosomes and identify a new role for RNF14 as a regulator of translation upon arginine limitation.