The HIV-treatment-as-prevention adoption cascade among U.S. men and gender-minority individuals who have sex with men.

HIV treatment can suppress viral load and prevent transmission between sex partners, a strategy known as treatment as prevention (TasP). TasP is key for ending the HIV epidemic, and it is important to understand its adoption among priority populations. We examined the TasP adoption cascade using cross-sectional survey data from 1443 U.S. men and transgender, gender-nonconforming, and nonbinary individuals who reported having sex with men. Most participants (82.4%; n = 1189/1443) reported prior awareness of TasP, but only 52.6% of them (n = 625/1189) perceived it as effective at preventing HIV transmission. Of those, 83.8% (n = 524/625) indicated being willing to rely on TasP, among whom 30.2% (n = 158/524) reported having recently done so. Among participants aware of TasP, we compared those who perceived it as effective to those who did not. Participants who did not have HIV and never used PrEP were less likely to agree with TasP's effectiveness than those who had used PrEP or had HIV. Those who had learned about TasP from a sex partner or who had a partner of different HIV status were more likely to perceive it as effective. TasP promotion appears to have achieved broad awareness, but future efforts should aim at increasing the understanding of its effectiveness, especially among those not connected to HIV-related services, organizations, or communities.