Enhancing the Implementation of a high-quality randomized trial in pregnancy.

Background: Conducting clinical trials in pregnant women is essential to address pregnancy-related health issues, yet remains challenging. Hypovitaminosis D is widespread during pregnancy, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Thus, vitamin D supplementation has been suggested as a therapeutical route to alleviate the symptoms of hypovitaminosis, but its effects remain undetermined. Objective: This paper presents our experience conducting a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy in Lebanon. We describe encountered challenges, strategies to address them, and key elements related to internal and external validity. Methods: We presented descriptive data derived form a double-blind randomized controlled trial in pregnant women from two centers in Lebanon. We outlined the challenges faced during the trial implementation, and our approach to address them. We detailed our strategies to ensure external validity by referencing key issues identified by Rothwell (2006). We highlighted key factors related to the internal validity of the trial using the five risk-of-bias domains from the Cochrane tool for RCTs. Results: Of 552 pregnant women screened, 60% enrolled; 88.5% completed the delivery visit, and 35.8% completed the one-month postpartum visit. Adherence to the intervention exceeded 90% in both arms. Major challenges included recruitment (35% declined participation) and center-specific dropout rates (12% vs. 7%, p = 0.004). Additional barriers included low acceptability of neonatal bone mass scans (35.8%), variability in fetal measurements, and motion artifacts in neonatal imaging. To improve external validity, we used a robust design and recruited from two centers with differing social contexts. Internal validity was strengthened through proper randomization, high adherence, minimal missing data, standardized outcome assessments, and avoidance of reporting bias. Consistent implementation and active follow-up across centers further supported study integrity. Conclusion: RCTs in pregnancy require culturally sensitive recruitment, physician engagement, and strong participant relationships. Participant-centered strategies improve adherence, reduce bias, and enhance both internal and external validity. Trial registration: clinicaltrial.gov (Trial registration number NCT02434380). URL of the registration site https//classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02434380.