ArticleResearch square2026
Distinct Endothelial Phenotype Associates with Macrophage-Enriched Microenvironments in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.
Article in Research square, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive malignancy with limited therapeutic options due to the absence of targetable receptors and pronounced intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Among the various contributors to this heterogeneity, the aberrant tumor vasculature plays a critical role by restricting drug delivery and immune cell infiltration, thereby promoting therapeutic resistance. Using previously established murine TNBC models differing in macrophage abundance, we found marked differences in tumor vasculature between these models. Macrophage-enriched tumors exhibited hallmarks of vascular normalization, including increased pericyte coverage and enhanced lectin-based vessel perfusion compared to macrophage-poor tumors. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that endothelial cells from macrophage-enriched tumors upregulated inflammatory and macrophage-monocyte interaction genes, including interferon-γ-responsive pathways, and were enriched for venous-like states. In contrast, non-macrophage-enriched tumors displayed arterial-, lymphatic-, and homeostatic endothelial programs. Analysis of human TNBC single-cell datasets confirmed that endothelial composition and activation state vary with macrophage abundance, with macrophage-enriched tumors exhibiting more immunologically active endothelium. Collectively, these results identify conserved associations between macrophage-enriched microenvironments and vascular states, highlighting coordinated immune-vascular dynamics in TNBC tumors.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.