Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41644824›Full record

ArticleNature biomedical engineering2026

Leveraging multi-modal foundation models for analysing spatial multi-omic and histopathology data.

Tianyu Liu, Tinglin Huang, Tong Ding, Hao Wu, Peter Humphrey, Sudhir Perincheri, Kurt Schalper, Rex Ying, Hua Xu, James Zou and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature biomedical engineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
10citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

10 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Tianyu LiuInterdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9412-6573
Tinglin HuangEric and Wendy Schmidt Center, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Tong DingDepartment of Computer Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Hao Wu *Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
Peter Humphrey *Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
Sudhir Perincheri *Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
Kurt Schalper *Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
Rex YingDepartment of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
Hua XuDepartment of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5274-4672
James ZouDepartment of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8880-4764
Faisal MahmoodEric and Wendy Schmidt Center, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7587-1562
Hongyu ZhaoInterdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. hongyu.zhao@yale.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1195-9607

Funding

Laboratory, Data Analysis, and Coordinating Center (LDACC) for the Developmental Human Genotype-Tissue Expression ProjectU24HG012108 · NHGRI · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI GERSTEIN, MARK BENDER, HUTTNER, ANITA JULIANE · 2021 to 2025
$8.7M
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Inc.) U01HG013840Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Inc.) U24HG012108NHGRI NIH HHS U24 HG012108
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Recent advances in pathology foundation models, pre-trained on large-scale histopathology images, have greatly advanced disease-focused applications. At the same time, spatial multi-omic technologies now measure gene and protein expression with high spatial resolution, offering valuable insights into tissue context. Yet, existing models struggle to integrate these complementary data types. Here, to address this challenge, we present spEMO, a computational framework that unifies embeddings from pathology foundation models and large language models for spatial multi-omic analysis. By leveraging multi-modal representations, spEMO surpasses single-modality models across diverse downstream tasks, including spatial domain identification, spot-type classification, whole-slide disease prediction and interpretation, multicellular interaction inference and automated medical reporting. These results highlight spEMO's strength in both biological discovery and clinical applications. Furthermore, we introduce a new benchmark task-multi-modal alignment-to evaluate how effectively pathology foundation models retrieve complementary information. Together, spEMO establishes a powerful step towards holistic, interpretable and generalizable AI for spatial biology and pathology.

Indexed as

Computational BiologyPathologyHumansLarge Language ModelsMultiomics

Identifiers

PMID41644824

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.