Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41644619›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Four genetically distinct types of rabies virus exist in Vietnam, including the SEA1 and SEA3 subclades within the Asian clade.

Michiko Harada, Thu Tuyet Nguyen, Dong Vinh Nguyen, Giang Chau Ngo, Keita Ishijima, Huong T T Nguyen, Phuong T M Nguyen, Tho Dang Nguyen, Satoshi Inoue, Akiko Okutani and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Michiko Harada *Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8640, Tokyo, Japan.
Thu Tuyet Nguyen *Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, 10,000, No. 1 Yersin Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Vietnam.
Dong Vinh NguyenDepartment of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, 10,000, No. 1 Yersin Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Vietnam.
Giang Chau NgoDepartment of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, 10,000, No. 1 Yersin Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Vietnam.
Keita IshijimaDepartment of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, 10,000, No. 1 Yersin Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Vietnam.
Huong T T NguyenDepartment of Communicable Disease Control, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, No. 1 Yersin Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi, 10,000, Vietnam.
Phuong T M NguyenDepartment of Communicable Disease Control, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, No. 1 Yersin Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi, 10,000, Vietnam.
Tho Dang NguyenNational Center for Veterinary Diseases, Hanoi, 100,000, Vietnam.
Satoshi InoueDepartment of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8640, Tokyo, Japan.
Akiko OkutaniDepartment of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8640, Tokyo, Japan. okutani.a@jihs.go.jp.
Ken MaedaDepartment of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8640, Tokyo, Japan.

Funding

Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development 24fk0108683 and 25fk0108683Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development JP21fk0108141, JP21fk0108615, and 24fk0108696
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease that causes encephalitis in almost all mammals. Vietnam remains endemic for rabies and shares borders with China, Laos, and Cambodia, where the disease also persists. Nucleoprotein and full-genome sequencing are valuable tools for investigating the genetic diversity and transmission dynamics of circulating rabies virus (RABV) strains. This study aimed to assess the current rabies situation in Vietnam and genetically characterize RABV strains using both sequencing approaches. Human and canine rabies cases are reported annually in Vietnam, where approximately half a million people receiving post-exposure prophylaxis each year, though this number has recently increased. Epidemiological data and RABVs from humans and rabid dogs were analyzed. Vietnamese RABVs were classified into four distinct genetic groups, all phylogenetically related to viruses circulating in neighboring countries. Full-genome analysis revealed regional differences in virus classification, suggesting that local factors may influence viral circulation between Vietnam and neighboring countries. The high genetic similarity between human- and dog-derived RABVs underscores the continued zoonotic threat and highlights the critical need for a One Health approach to rabies prevention and control in Vietnam and its neighboring regions.

Indexed as

RabiesRabies virusAnimalsDog DiseasesDogsGenetic VariationGenome, ViralHumansPhylogenyVietnamWhole Genome SequencingEpidemiologyFull-genome sequencingNucleoproteinRabies virusVietnam

Identifiers

PMID41644619
PMCPMC12923688

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.