SynthesisCell reports. Medicine2026
Unsafe drinking water and human health: A global umbrella review of disease outcomes, intervention effectiveness, and policy implications.
Synthesis in Cell reports. Medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Access to safe drinking water is a fundamental determinant of global health. In this umbrella review, we synthesized evidence from 25 systematic reviews and meta-analyses, covering 158 outcomes, to assess health risks and intervention effectiveness (PROSPERO: CRD420251001778). Employing a rigorous methodological framework including A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2); Evidence Classification; the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE); and simplified evidence-to-decision criteria, we identified significant associations between unsafe drinking water and various health conditions, including infectious diseases, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and adverse maternal-child health outcomes. Importantly, while the certainty of evidence for precise risk attribution remains limited, evidence supporting effective interventions is robust. Point-of-use (POU) filtration reduces childhood diarrhea by 52% (relative risk [RR] = 0.48; moderate-certainty evidence), and defluoridation effectively prevents fluorosis. Overall, these findings support a shift in policy focus: despite uncertainties in exact risk quantification, public health strategies should prioritize immediate implementation of proven interventions to safeguard vulnerable populations.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.