ArticlePloS one2026
Model predictive control based MLP-ANN to enhance tracking response with energy saving of EV drive cycles using five-phase IPMSM.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Speed tracking control (STC) and energy saving of an electric vehicle (EV) play a crucial role in the stability and effectiveness of the operating performance of an EV drive system (EVDS). This paper proposes a novel STC and energy saving methodology for an EVDS that is tested by the European drive cycle (ECE-15) and customized inspection and maintenance drive cycle (custom IM240). The EVDS adopted the 5-ph interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) due to its benefits like high efficiency, compact size, low noise, reliability, reduced torque ripples, increased power density, and improved fault tolerance. A multilayer perceptron (MLP) - artificial neural network (ANN) is utilized to tune the PI controller online in the drive system (DS). The gating pulses of the 5-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) are accurately generated using an MPC based on a desired cost function to reduce current harmonics and thus torque ripples. A comparative study between the online tuning using the MLP-ANN and offline tuning using the transit search optimization (TSO) technique is presented. The process of comparison includes the percentage overshoot, mean square error (MSE), integral absolute error (IAE), and percentage energy saving. The result of the comparison proves the effectiveness of the proposed control methodology that gives superior speed tracking performance of the EVDS and attains energy saving. The attained energy saving across a long period results in cost reduction of charging the batteries and increasing their lifetime.
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