Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41641973›Full record

Trial reportSleep2026

Effect of electronic nicotine delivery systems for smoking cessation on sleep quality: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

Tamara Scharf, Anna Rihs, Anna Schoeni, Micheline Maire, Kali Tal, Julian Jakob, Isabelle Jacot-Sadowski, Jean-Paul Humair, Aurélie Berthet, Martin Brutsche and 5 more

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Sleep, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026
    Pooled it
  2. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025
    Pooled it
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Tamara ScharfInstitute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Anna RihsInstitute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Anna SchoeniInstitute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Micheline MaireDepartment of Internal Medicine, Stadtspital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Kali TalInstitute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0003-2454-2560
Julian JakobInstitute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0001-8429-3231
Isabelle Jacot-SadowskiCenter for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Jean-Paul HumairDepartment of Primary Care Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Aurélie BerthetCenter for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Martin BrutscheLung Center, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
Anja FreiEpidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0002-7134-1000
Lucy BoltInstitute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Ramin KhatamiCentre of Sleep Medicine and Epileptology Barmelweid, Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0002-1092-6160
Reto AuerInstitute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Stéphanie BaggioInstitute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0002-5347-5937

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

STUDY

objectivesE-cigarettes can help smokers quit, but how e-cigarettes used for tobacco smoking cessation impact sleep is still unclear. The primary objective was to evaluate the effect of e-cigarettes for smoking abstinence on sleep quality. Secondary objectives included subscales of sleep quality.

methodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of the Efficacy, Safety, and Toxicology of electronic nicotine delivery systems for smoking cessation (ESTxENDS) randomized controlled trial, which included adult smokers in Switzerland (five sites, 7.2018-6.2021). The intervention group received free e-cigarettes and e-liquids over 6 months plus standard-of-care smoking-cessation counseling (SOC); the control group received SOC alone. The primary outcome was overall self-reported sleep quality at 6 months, measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). We considered a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of 2.5-5. Secondary outcomes included PSQI subscales. We used adjusted linear regressions with inverse probability of attrition weights (IPAW).

resultsESTxENDS included 1246 participants. Of these, 831 participants completed the PSQI at follow-up. For the primary outcome, there was no significant difference in PSQI score between groups (b = -0.20, p = .256, adjusted analyses with IPAW). For PSQI subscales, only sleep efficiency was significantly better in the intervention group (b = 1.87, p = .018), below MCID.

conclusionE-cigarettes added to SOC for tobacco smoking abstinence did not significantly alter participant's self-reported sleep quality compared to SOC alone. Clinicians can inform patients willing to quit smoking with e-cigarettes that their use is not likely to disrupt their perceived sleep quality on average.

Indexed as

Electronic Nicotine Delivery SystemsSleep QualitySmoking CessationAdultCounselingFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedSwitzerlandE-cigarettes/electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS)subjective sleep qualitytobacco smoking cessation

Identifiers

PMID41641973
PMCPMC13357506

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.