Typology, Risk, and Protective Factors of Reproductive Coercion: A Narrative Literature Review of Studies from the US, Canada, Australia, and Europe.

Introduction: Reproductive coercion refers to attempts to control reproductive choices, often exerted by an intimate partner or a family member. Introduced by Miller et al. (2010), this concept highlights the link between reproductive coercion and unintended pregnancies, as well as its impact on sexual and reproductive autonomy. Although frequently associated with intimate partner violence, some research emphasizes its occurrence outside of this context. Objectives: Reproductive coercion, defined as acts that directly interfere with contraception and compromise women's reproductive autonomy, was first formally described in 2010. Since then, numerous studies have examined its prevalence, forms, and consequences for reproductive health, primarily it to intimate partner violence and domestic violence. This study aims to update the current understanding of CR, including its occurrence beyond the context of intimate partner violence. Method: A strategic literature search was conducted using ScienceDirect, PsycINFO, Scopus and PubMed to identify published articles that used reproductive coercion and related terms as keywords. A total of 68 articles met the inclusion criteria, addressing the prevalence, forms, contexts, risk factors, and existing intervention strategies related to reproductive coercion. Results: The findings reveal that while reproductive coercion often occurs within intimate partner relationships, it can also involve family members or structural factors. Common tactics include contraception sabotage, pressure to pursue unwanted pregnancies, and coercion in pregnancy-related decision-making, often accompanied by violence or psychological manipulation. Prevalence rates vary widely and are often imprecise, with higher rates observed in the presence of intimate partner violence. Identified risk factors include gender inequality, socio-economic disadvantage, and minority status. However, protective factors remain underexplored. Current prevention strategies focus on healthcare-based screening and public awareness campaigns, although their effectiveness remains limited. Conclusions: This review highlights the need for further research into reproductive coercion across diverse populations, the role of perpetrators, and cases occurring outside of intimate partner violence contexts, to better inform prevention and intervention efforts.