ArticleBMC ophthalmology2026
Association between refraction characteristics and anthropometrics in 7- to 10-year-old Chinese primary school students.
Article in BMC ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveThe increasing prevalence of refractive errors in children has raised interest in exploring potential associations with physical development. This study aimed to explore a potential relationship between refractive status and growth parameters among children aged 7-10 years.
methodsA multistage stratified random sampling method was adopted to select 1260 primary school students in Pinggu District of Beijing in 2023, to measure their height and weight to calculate the body mass index (BMI). The height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and body mass index z-score(z-BMI) were calculated using the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method. Cycloplegic refraction was performed to determine spherical equivalent (SE). Ocular biometric data were collected, including axial length (AL) and anterior chamber depth (ACD). The ratio of AL to average corneal curvature (AL/CR) were calculated. Group comparisons used χ² test, t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Multiple linear regression models were used to analyze correlations between HAZ, z-BMI and ocular parameters.
resultsThe myopia rate was 21.19% and increased with age. Compared to girls, boys had significantly longer AL, deeper ACD, steeper CR, and higher AL/CR. As myopia severity increased, AL lengthened, ACD deepened, CR steepened and AL/CR increased. In the overall group, HAZ showed a positive correlation with AL (β = 0.208, Adjusted R²=0.084) and CR (β = 0.201, Adjusted R²=0.049), z-BMI showed a positive correlation with AL (β = 0.136, Adjusted R²=0.084) and AL/CR (β = 0.108, Adjusted R²=0.014), and a negative correlation with SE (β=-0.069, Adjusted R²=0.007). In the emmetropia group, pre-myopia group, and myopia group, HAZ showed a positive correlation with both AL and CR, while z-BMI demonstrated a positive correlation with AL.
conclusionsThis exploratory study suggests that accelerated physical growth shows statistically significant but clinically modest correlations with axial elongation and myopia development. The findings do not demonstrate causal relationships between growth and refractive changes. AL/CR appears to be a key biometric predictor of refractive error. These hypothesis-generating results underscore the potential value of growth monitoring in myopia prevention and for further investigation into distinct physiological pathways in ocular development.
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