ArticleScientific reports2026
Cordyceps sinensis enhances the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in Lewis lung adenocarcinoma.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Lung cancer, primarily non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), causes the highest cancer-related mortality. Although PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have improved survival in advanced NSCLC, they can cause immune-related adverse events. Cordyceps sinensis (C. sinensis), a traditional Chinese medicine used for tonifying the lung and kidney and enhancing immune function, has shown therapeutic promise in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy for NSCLC. This study aimed to explore the anti-tumor effect of wild C. sinensis combined with anti-mouse PD-1 in the treatment of Lewis lung adenocarcinoma (LLC) and to elucidate the underlying pharmacodynamic mechanism. LLC mouse model was established via inoculation with LLC cells, followed by treatment with anti-mouse PD-1, C. sinensis, or their combination. The tumor volume, weight, and histological changes of LLC mice were evaluated. The proportions of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in blood and tumors were evaluated by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. The underlying mechanisms of the combination of C. sinensis and anti-mouse PD-1 therapy in LLC mice were investigated using an integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis. Treatment with anti-mouse PD-1, C. sinensis, or their combination significantly reduced tumor volume and weight, and attenuated the histopathological changes of LLC mice tumors. Among which, medium-dose C. sinensis combination exhibited significant improvements. Furthermore, the combination of C. sinensis and anti-mouse PD-1 significantly increased the proportion of CD8+ T cells and decreased the abundance of Tregs and PMN-MDSCs. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis revealed that the combination of C. sinensis and anti-mouse PD-1 can enhance anti-tumor immunity in LLC mice by acting on key immune-related genes, including DGKA, PLA2G7, AMPD1, ATP8B4, and BST1, thereby modulating glycerophospholipid metabolism, the TCA cycle, purine metabolism, and nicotinate-nicotinamide metabolism. Wild C. sinensis combined with anti-mouse PD-1 therapy exerts therapeutic effects against LLC by targeting immune-related genes, modulating associated pathways, increasing the proportion of CD8+ T cells, and reducing the infiltration of Tregs and PMN-MDSCs, thereby suppressing tumor growth and inhibiting LLC progression. Further research and clinical studies are needed to validate and expand upon these promising findings.
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