ReviewHIV medicine2026
Immune non-response despite effective antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV: A review of potential mechanisms, biomarkers and therapeutic approaches.
Review in HIV medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Hematological Profile and Outcomes in Newly Diagnosed Patients with HIV: A 12-Month Single-Centre Cohort Study.Viruses · 2026Article
- Immune non-response despite effective antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV: A review of potential mechanisms, biomarkers and therapeutic approaches.HIV medicine · 2026Review
- Adjunctive albuvirtide is associated with improved immune recovery in treatment-naive patients with advanced HIV disease receiving bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide: a retrospective propensity score-matched cohort study.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionA proportion of people living with HIV (PLWH) fail to restore their CD4 count or their CD4/CD8 ratio despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). PLWH with immune non-response (INR) are at a higher risk of both AIDS and non-AIDS events. The underlying mechanisms of INR remain unclear.
objectivesThis review aims to explore the potential mechanisms of INR, focusing on the production, maturation and early destruction of CD4 cells. Additional factors such as age, proinflammatory environment or persistent viral infections like HIV or CMV may also contribute to INR. Biomarkers, such as microRNA, IL-6, soluble CD14 and soluble GP120, may help better characterize INR in PLWH. Despite various therapeutic attempts - including ART intensification and IL-2 or IL-7 administration - no strategy has yet succeeded in restoring effective CD4 T-cell recovery in INR.
conclusionA lack of consensus on the definition and classification of INR limits research comparability and therapeutic progress. A standardized framework would facilitate mechanistic insights and guide the development of targeted treatments, including IL-7 therapy. In this review, we examine the putative mechanisms underlying INR in PLWH, prognostic markers and the therapeutic strategies that have been evaluated, albeit with limited success.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.