ArticleBMJ open2026
Attributable societal cost of antimicrobial resistance in Ghana: a microsimulation study focusing on sociodemographic groups.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Strengthening One Health AMR Surveillance in Africa: From Cross-Sectoral Data to Policy Action.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Review
- Viral diarrhea in Ghana: a scoping review of disease burden, epidemiology, and control strategies.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
objectiveWe performed a microsimulation analysis predicting the societal cost of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which represents the potential cost savings if Ghana eliminates AMR.
designThis study combined bacterial resistance epidemiology and cost data from Ghana to perform a microsimulation analysis focusing on sociodemographic groups, predicting the potential societal cost savings should Ghana eliminate AMR. The nationally representative data were collected from 12 reference laboratories across Ghana's three geographical belts between June 2021 and December 2023. Case definition was enterobacterial third-generation cephalosporin (3GC) resistant infections, methicillin-resistant
settingGhana in West Africa.
participantsA simulated population of AMR patients of all ages and sex.
main outcome measuresSocietal cost attributable to AMR in Ghana.
resultsAssuming probabilities of all-cause hospital admissions of 0.102 for females and 0.093 for males, along with probabilities of AMR infections of 0.239 and 0.193, we predicted nearly 78 000 (95% CI 72 000 to 83 520) annual AMR infections and approximately 6300 (95% CI 3900 to 8638) attributable deaths. MRSA and 3GC-resistant infections made up 20.2% and 79.2% of the predicted annual infections, corresponding to an estimated mean societal cost of about US$435 million. In decreasing order of magnitude, the estimated mean annual cost of productivity loss due to AMR attributable mortality accounted for 40.6% of the mean annual societal cost, followed by the cost to healthcare providers (24.1%), direct medical cost to patients and caregivers (22.4%), productivity loss for surviving patients and caregivers (10.4%) and direct non-medical costs to patients and caregivers (2.6%). Resistant infections in children under 5 and adults over 60 years contributed 48.2% and 26.9% of the estimated annual societal cost, respectively. Except for the number of resistant infections, the estimated mean annual costs between wealth quintile groups were significantly different (p=0.03) due to differences in productivity costs between wealth quintile groups.
conclusionThe study shows that the societal cost implications attributable to AMR are enormous, requiring a concerted effort by society to mitigate the development and spread of AMR organisms.
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