ArticleBMJ open2026
Socioeconomic inequalities in healthcare access among patients with type 2 diabetes in Iran: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveSocioeconomic inequalities significantly impact access to healthcare services for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study investigates these inequalities in Iran, focusing on factors such as asset, sex, urban-rural residence, age, education, employment status, and marital status.
designCross-sectional study.
settingThis study used data from the national 'Diabetes Care (DiaCare)' study, a population-based survey conducted from 2018 to 2020 in Iran.
methodsSocioeconomic status (SES) was assessed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on assets. Socioeconomic inequalities in access to physicians, pharmacies and laboratories were measured using the Concentration Index (CI) and Erreygers Corrected Concentration Index (ECI). Decomposition analysis was performed using a probit regression model to assess the contributions of various factors to the observed inequalities.
resultsAmong 13 315 patients with T2DM, 5.8% lacked access to physicians, 6.8% to pharmacies and 8.7% to laboratories. The CI was positive and statistically significant for access to physicians (0.0614), pharmacies (0.0787) and laboratories (0.0875), indicating better access concentrated among higher SES individuals. Urban residents had the largest positive marginal effects on access to physicians (0.032), pharmacies (0.078) and laboratories (0.053), with percentage contributions of 13.21%, 23.23% and 17.39%, respectively. Higher asset quintiles showed substantial contributions to inequalities, with the highest quintile contributing 10.5% to physician access inequality, 9.68% to pharmacy access and 9.16% to laboratory access. Education level also positively impacted access, with high school education contributing 0.64% and college education 0.52% to access inequalities. Sex differences showed a negative marginal effect for women, indicating slightly lower access.
conclusionSocioeconomic factors, particularly asset, residence and education, significantly impact access to healthcare services for patients with T2DM in Iran. Policies should focus on reducing barriers to healthcare access, especially for lower SES and rural populations.
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