Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41638631›Full record

ReviewJournal of advanced research2026

Biomimetic and personalized nanovaccines in cancer immunotherapy: Design innovations, translational challenges, and future directions.

Suling Xu, Haitao Yang, Boris Minev, Wenxue Ma

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of advanced research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
14citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

14 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Suling XuDepartment of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, China.
Haitao YangCenter for Gene and Cell Therapy Program, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
Boris MinevCureScience Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
Wenxue MaSanford Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. Electronic address: wma@health.ucsd.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Personalized nanovaccines represent advancing frontier in cancer immunotherapy by integrating patient-specific tumor antigens with biomimetic delivery systems to enhance immune activation, targeting precision and clinical efficacy. Biomimetic platforms including exosome-, red blood cell (RBC)-, and immune cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, as well as artificial antigen-presenting cell (aAPC) systems, recreate native biological interfaces to improve antigen presentation, macrophage polarization, and adaptive immune priming. Despite significant progress, major translational challenges remain, including incomplete mechanistic understanding, regulatory complexity, and manufacturing scalability. This review synthesizes recent advances in biomimetic and personalized nanovaccine design, highlighting clinical progress in lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-based vaccines such as BNT111 and mRNA-4157, emerging innate immune adjuvants including Toll-like receptor (TLR) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonists, and rational combination strategies with immune checkpoint blockade. Key safety and quality consideration including immunotoxicity, off-target immune activation, and batch heterogeneity are critically evaluated alongside emerging engineering solutions. Finally, future directions integrating AI-guided neoantigen prediction, modular microfluidic manufacturing, and multi-omic biomarker frameworks are discussed to accelerate next generation cancer nanovaccine translation.

Indexed as

BiomimeticsCancer VaccinesImmunotherapyNanovaccinesNeoplasmsPrecision MedicineAnimalsAntigens, NeoplasmBiomimetic MaterialsHumansNanoparticlesTranslational Research, BiomedicalAntigens, NeoplasmCancer VaccinesNanovaccinesBiomimetic nanoparticlesCancer immunotherapymRNA vaccinesNanovaccinesNeoantigenPersonalized cancer vaccines

Identifiers

PMID41638631
PMCPMC13669596

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.