Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41638132›Full record

ArticleJournal of hazardous materials2026

Toxicological interactions between biotic and abiotic components of indoor air: Mold and air fresheners.

Sudheer Salana, Avraham Moshe Friedman, Jess Austin, Preyasha Shrestha, Kiran Kurmi, Mohammad Washeem, Chang-Yu Wu

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of hazardous materials, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Sudheer SalanaDepartment of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA. Electronic address: sxs4815@miami.edu.
Avraham Moshe FriedmanDepartment of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
Jess AustinDepartment of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
Preyasha ShresthaDepartment of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Frost Institute for Chemistry and Molecular Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
Kiran KurmiDepartment of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Frost Institute for Chemistry and Molecular Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
Mohammad WasheemDepartment of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
Chang-Yu WuDepartment of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.

Funding

Assessing the Pulmonary Toxicity of Microplastic Fibers Complexed with Azo DyesR21ES034098 · NIEHS · UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA · PI MEHRAD, BORNA · 2023 to 2024
$416k
NIEHS NIH HHS R21 ES034098
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

While traditionally the health impacts of the biotic and abiotic components of indoor air have been assumed to be independent, recent studies indicate the opposite, highlighting the need for a systematic evaluation of their interactions to provide a holistic assessment of the health impacts of indoor air. In this study, we assessed the toxicological relationship between a commonly found indoor mold species, Aspergillus fumigatus, and air fresheners, an emerging source of abiotic indoor air pollutants. We evaluated the cytotoxic effects of mold and two air fresheners (Brands A and B) on A549 cells and then tested the effect of co-exposure to the two toxicants on various cellular responses. We also analyzed the chemical composition of the air fresheners using LC-MS. Our results show that both air fresheners were composed of several compounds that could inhibit mold growth and pose health risks to humans. Furthermore, the chemical composition and concentration of the air freshener solutions could influence the toxicological interactions. Overall, our study demonstrates the need for further research on these interactions for a comprehensive assessment of indoor air health impacts. The knowledge will also allow air freshener manufacturers to formulate products with minimal health impacts.

Indexed as

Air MicrobiologyAir PollutantsAir Pollution, IndoorAspergillus fumigatusA549 CellsCell SurvivalHumansAir PollutantsAerosolsHealth impactsHousehold cleaning productsSynergisticToxicityVolatile organic compounds

Identifiers

PMID41638132
PMCPMC13237581

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.