ReviewTargeted oncology2026
Bispecific Antibodies in Breast Cancer Immunotherapy: Mechanisms, Advances, and Translational Challenges.
Review in Targeted oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Advances in Breast Cancer Research: Immunological, Pathological, and Pharmacological Perspectives for Improving Patient Outcomes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality despite advances in targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). While ICIs have reshaped therapeutic paradigms in multiple solid tumors, their clinical efficacy in breast cancer is predominantly restricted to triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), underscoring the necessity for innovative immunotherapeutic modalities with broader applicability. Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are engineered molecules capable of simultaneously engaging tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) such as EGFR, EpCAM, Trop-2, CEACAM5, MUC1, and PSMA, in addition to B7-H4, HER2, and PD-L1, alongside immune effector cells, primarily CD3+ T lymphocytes. This dual targeting promotes the formation of a cytolytic immunological synapse, leading to T-cell activation, proliferation, and targeted tumor cell lysis via granzyme/perforin pathways. Advances in BsAb design-including optimization of affinity constants, valency, Fc engineering to modulate effector functions, and molecular formats (e.g., BiTEs, DARTs, tandem scFvs)-have improved tumor penetration, pharmacokinetics, and reduced off-target toxicity. Preclinical and early-phase clinical data demonstrate robust antitumor activity of BsAbs, both as monotherapy and in synergistic combinations with chemotherapy, targeted agents, or ICIs, potentially overcoming tumor microenvironment-mediated immunosuppression and immune escape mechanisms. Major challenges include heterogeneity and temporal variability of TAA expression, cytokine release syndrome (CRS) mitigation strategies, pharmacodynamic optimization, and delivery methods to maximize tumor bioavailability while limiting systemic toxicity. This review details the molecular mechanisms, preclinical evidence, clinical trial outcomes, and translational challenges for BsAbs in breast cancer, highlighting their transformative potential in expanding immunotherapeutic efficacy beyond current limitations.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.