Evaluating human health risk assessment tools for contaminated soil: a comparative review.

At the European Union level, approximately 60-70% of soil is in unhealthy or degraded conditions. One of the soil threats is the legacy of industrial pollution, as historic industrial pollutants discharged into the ground continue to pose risks to both the environment and human health. As part of the legislative measures adopted in the late 90 s, Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) was introduced as a standardized method for evaluating risks associated with contaminated sites. To support the quantification of these risks, various software tool models were developed. This study reviews 12 HHRA tools for contaminated sites developed across different countries. First, an overview of national legislative frameworks concerning contaminated sites, with a particular focus on the use of HHRA as a decision-making tool, is provided. Subsequently, the study compares and discusses the methodologies adopted by each tool, the exposure pathways and receptors considered, the integrated contaminant databases, and additional features provided by the models. The comparison highlights the diversity of functionalities offered by the different tools, reflecting a lack of harmonization among national regulations regarding contaminated site management. Beyond the need for a harmonized approach at the EU level, potential future developments include the design of more user-friendly interfaces capable of expanding exposure scenarios, updating contaminant lists (including emerging pollutants such as PFAS), integrating uncertainty analysis, incorporating Geographic Information System (GIS)-based visualizations, and integrating artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML).