ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
Melanoma vaccines: current R&D landscape, translational hurdles, and future outlook-a perspective drawn from 442 clinical trials.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Therapeutic melanoma vaccines: Platforms, neoantigen strategies, and emerging combination immunotherapies.Therapeutic advances in vaccines and immunotherapy · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Melanoma, a highly malignant skin tumor with high metastatic propensity and poor survival in advanced stages, poses a major global public health challenge, as conventional treatments have notable limitations. Tumor immunotherapy, particularly cancer vaccines, has emerged as a promising approach by activating/regulating immune mechanisms to target cancer cells. Methods: This study systematically searched the Trialtrove database for interventional clinical trials of melanoma and cancer vaccines up to August 5, 2025. After screening via inclusion/exclusion criteria, 442 trials were analyzed, adhering to PRISMA guidelines with independent dual review for data reliability. Results: Trials were geographically concentrated in developed regions (69% in the US), with minimal participation from Asia, Africa, and Latin America. A "translational funnel effect" was observed: Phase I/I-II trials accounted for 63.6%, while Phase III trials only 6.1%, with a 22.9% termination rate. Peptide/recombinant protein vaccines (186 trials) and cellular vaccines (151 trials) were mainstream, with nucleic acid vaccines (58 trials) as a promising emerging platform. Combination therapy (227 trials, >50%), especially with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), dominated; adjuvants (e.g., IL-2, GM-CSF agonists) enhanced efficacy. Most trials focused on Stage III/IV patients (91.1%): key trials showed mRNA-4157 + pembrolizumab reduced recurrence/death risk by 49% in resected melanoma, and herpes simplex virus RP1 + nivolumab achieved 58.3% objective response rate (ORR) in ICI-resistant patients. Primary endpoints favored safety/immunogenicity (215/142 trials), with overall survival (OS, 33 trials) rarely used; academic institutions led funding (52.3%). Conclusions: Melanoma vaccines, especially in combination with ICIs and via personalized platforms, have significant potential. However, challenges include tumor heterogeneity, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), inefficient delivery, geographical R&D imbalance, and low Phase III conversion. Interdisciplinary collaboration, international multicenter trials, optimized clinical design (e.g., early-stage patient enrollment), and policy support are needed to advance their clinical translation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.