ArticleBMC infectious diseases2026
The impact of COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions on notifiable infectious diseases in Poland: a comprehensive analysis from 2014-2022.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Surveillance in Anhui, After Introduction of the Enterovirus 71 Vaccine and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Ecological Interrupted Time Series Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Viral and Bacterial Co-Infections in SARS-CoV-2-Positive Individuals in Cyprus 2020-2022.Biomedicines · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThe COVID-19 pandemic prompted widespread non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) like lockdowns and masking in Poland (2020–2022), significantly altering pathogen circulation. This created a unique opportunity to study the extended effects of these measures on other communicable diseases, moving beyond short-term observations.
aimThis study aimed to assess how the pandemic and associated NPIs affected the incidence of 17 notifiable infectious diseases in Poland over an extended period, from January 2014 to December 2022.
methodsUsing national surveillance data aggregated monthly, we compared incidence during pandemic years (2020–2022) against pre-pandemic (2014–2018) and baseline (2019) periods. Data were deseasonalized. A negative binomial generalized linear model calculated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) relative to 2019, controlling for confounders. Spearman correlation measured associations between disease incidence, COVID-19 cases, and nine NPIs.
resultsFrom 2020 to 2022, 13 of 17 diseases showed cumulative declines compared to 2014–2019, including whooping cough (peak reduction IRR 0.11 in 2021 vs. 2019), scarlet fever, chickenpox, and mumps. Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae decreased initially but rebounded in 2022. Conversely, Clostridioides difficile incidence increased significantly (2021 IRR 1.84 vs. 2019). Norovirus, HIV, and syphilis surged later, coinciding with NPI relaxation. Higher NPI stringency generally correlated negatively with respiratory pathogens.
conclusionLong-term observation confirmed that widespread NPIs suppressed many communicable diseases, particularly respiratory infections, beyond SARS-CoV-2. The rebound of several infections upon NPI relaxation suggests potential shifts in population susceptibility. These findings can inform future public health strategies balancing disease control and societal needs, though further research on long-term dynamics is warranted. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.