Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41634000›Full record

ArticleNature communications2026

Spatial-chromatic encoding cosmetic contact lenses for enhanced natural eye tracking.

Hengtian Zhu, Heyu Huang, Huan Yang, Zixu Li, Zhenning Qi, Yuan Fang, Yining Xu, Yifeng Xiong, Ye Chen, Songtao Yuan and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Hengtian ZhuNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
Heyu HuangNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
Huan YangNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
Zixu LiNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
Zhenning QiNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
Yuan FangDepartment of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210094, China.
Yining XuNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
Yifeng XiongNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
Ye ChenCollege of Physics, MIIT Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China.ORCID 0000-0003-0269-0722
Songtao YuanDepartment of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210094, China.ORCID 0000-0001-9212-0664
Fei XuNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China. feixu@nju.edu.cn.ORCID 0000-0001-5239-4572

Funding

Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province BK20251253China Postdoctoral Science Foundation 2024M761393 and 2025T180154National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China) 62305153National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China) 62501260Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation) BK20243014
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Vision-based analysis of ocular features represents the predominant approach for eye tracking. However, these features are highly susceptible to interference from illumination, eyelid/eyelash occlusion, and individual variations, leading to low recognition rates and diminished tracking accuracy. To address these limitations, eye movement feature enhanced cosmetic contact lenses are proposed, implementing a spatial-chromatic encoding strategy. Employing a head-mounted eye tracker integrated with RGB cameras, this system enables accurate and robust gaze tracking in natural environments. Under challenging illumination, the lenses achieve a 93% feature recognition rate, significantly surpassing pupil recognition and tolerating highly off-axis camera placement. Eye movement model and human eye tracking demonstrate superior accuracy (<1°), gaze direction estimation, and continuous fixation positioning. Utilizing these lenses, diverse eye-tracking applications are demonstrated, including image identification, reading analysis, and outdoor interaction. This approach advances the development of lightweight, unobtrusive eye-tracking systems and facilitates broader application of gaze-based interaction technology in real-world settings.

Indexed as

Contact LensesCosmeticsEye MovementsEye-Tracking TechnologyFixation, OcularHumansCosmetics

Identifiers

PMID41634000
PMCPMC12976142

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.