Amplified warming in tropical and subtropical cities under 2 °C climate change.

Cities are often warmer than rural surroundings due to a phenomenon known as the urban heat island, which can be influenced by various factors, such as regional climate and land surface types. Under climate change, cities face not only the challenge of increasing temperatures in their surrounding hinterland but also the challenge of potential changes in their heat islands. However, even high-resolution global Earth system models (ESMs) with "urban tiles" can only properly resolve the largest urban areas or megacities. Here, we address these limitations by applying a process-based statistical learning model to ESM outputs to provide projections of changes in land surface temperature (LST) for 104 medium-sized cities of population 300 K to 1 M in the subtropics and tropics. Under a 2 °C global warming scenario, annual mean LST in 81% of these cities is projected to increase faster than the surrounding area. In 16% of these cities, mostly in India and China, mean LST is projected to increase by an additional 50-112% above ESM projections of the surrounding area. Our findings underscore the importance of investigating the specific effects of climate change on urban heat exposure.