ArticleBiology of sex differences2026
Expression atlas of Dmrt genes across sex and development in the mouse brain: functional insights from the olfactory system.
Article in Biology of sex differences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Altered microbial cargo in fecal microbiome-derived outer membrane vesicles as novel biomarkers for vascular dementia.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- A panoramic view of the expression and function of the Doublesex/DMRT gene family inScience advances · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The ancient DMRT family of transcription factors has been proposed as evolutionarily conserved effectors of sexual differentiation. While brain sexual differentiation has traditionally been attributed to a paracrine role of steroid hormones and intrinsic cues directly controlled by sex chromosomes, the downstream effector mechanisms remain elusive. To elucidate the role of Dmrts in mammalian brain sexual differentiation, we generated a comprehensive expression atlas for all family members in the mouse brain using in situ hybridization across sexes and development (E12.5, E14.5, E18.5, adulthood and, sometimes, P7). We found that all Dmrts, except Dmrt7, were expressed in the brain. This study expands understanding of the DMA-Dmrt subfamily beyond pallial structures and identifies their expression maintenance in adult neurogenic sites. For the first time, we described the neuronal expression of Dmrt2 and Dmrt6. Mouse Dmrts did not show clear sexually dimorphic patterns, but did show quantitative expression differences between sexes. Most Dmrts were maintained in postmitotic neurons during embryonic and postnatal stages, suggesting potential interactions with gonadal sex hormones during organizational (perinatally, with testosterone peaking at E18.5 in males) and activational phases (after puberty, with androgens in males and estrogens in females). Our analysis of Dmrt5 expression revealed its prominent presence in the mouse olfactory system. The olfactory system shows sex differences and is fundamental for controlling sex-specific innate behaviors in rodents. Thus, it represents an ideal scenario to test, as a proof of concept, the role of Dmrts in the sexual differentiation of the mammalian brain. The absence of Dmrt5 similarly affected the main olfactory epithelium, where sensory neurons reside, in both sexes; however, cell number-related defects in the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex differed between male and female embryos, revealing Dmrt5 interaction with sex in deeper layers of innate neural circuits. Our results provide a valuable resource for uncovering novel sites and mechanisms of sexual differentiation in the mammalian nervous system, potentially contributing to sex biases observed in psychiatric and neurological disorders.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.