ArticleBMC oral health2026
Mandibular bone changes in children with ADHD: evaluation using fractal analysis and mandibular indices.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPrevious studies have shown that abnormalities in the oxytocin system in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may affect bone mineral density, and that medications used to treat ADHD may cause growth suppression. This study aimed to evaluate bone structure and microarchitecture in children diagnosed with ADHD using mandibular indices and fractal dimension analysis as well as to compare these results with those of healthy children.
methodsThe study included 61 children aged 4–15 years who had been diagnosed with ADHD, along with 122 healthy children matched for age and gender. Measurements of the mandibular cortical index (MCI), mental index (MI) and panoramic mandibular index (PMI) were obtained from panoramic radiographs of both the study and control groups, and fractal dimension (FD) analysis was performed in regions of interest (ROI) corresponding to the condyle, angulus and interdental areas. All measurements were performed on digital images using the ImageJ programme (ImageJ 1.38, NIH, Maryland, USA). Data were analysed using SPSS 27. A significance level of p < 0.05 was accepted.
resultsSignificant differences were observed for interdental FD and for all mandibular indices (PMI, MI, and MCI). İnterdental FD measurements were higher in the study group (ADHD group) than in the control group (healthy group). Type 1 MCI was observed more frequently in the study group, while Type 2 MCI was observed more frequently in the control group. According to the PMI and MI analyses, the study group’s measurements were higher than those of the control group’s. There were no significant differences in condyle FD and angulus FD values between the study groups (ADHD and healthy control group).
conclusionThe differences observed in mandibular indices and interdental FD are thought to reflect region-specific changes. The potential influence of parafunctional habits cannot be confirmed without clinical evaluation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.