ArticleBMC cancer2026
Impact of proton pump inhibitor use on immune-related adverse events in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective study.
Article in BMC cancer, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Survival Outcomes in Patients with Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Receiving Immunotherapy: A Real-World Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized cancer therapy; however, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) remain a critical concern. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are frequently co-administered to patients with advanced lung cancer and PPI-induced alterations in the gut microbiota may impair immune responses, potentially affecting ICI efficacy and prognosis. However, the association between PPI use and irAE development remains unclear.
methodsWe retrospectively analyzed 228 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer who received first-line ICI therapy between April 2017 and December 2024. The impact of baseline PPI use on the incidence of irAEs, classified as checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis (CIP) or irAEs without CIP (non-CIP irAEs), was evaluated.
resultsMultivariate logistic regression analysis showed a non-significant association between PPI use and the incidence of overall irAEs. (odds ratio [OR] = 0.625; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.348-1.120; p = 0.117). Notably, PPI exposure was significantly associated with a reduced incidence of non-CIP irAEs (OR = 0.510; 95% CI, 0.274-0.947; p = 0.033), whereas no significant association was observed with the incidence of CIP. Median overall survival (OS) was shorter in the PPI-exposed group than in the PPI-unexposed group, but the difference was not statistically significant (16.7 vs. 24.7 months; p = 0.065). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, PPI exposure was not identified as an independent prognostic factor for OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.120; 95% CI, 0.768-1.634; p = 0.556). In contrast, the occurrence of non-CIP irAEs (HR = 0.574; 95% CI, 0.368-0.895; p = 0.014) was significantly associated with improved OS.
conclusionsPPI use was potentially associated with a lower incidence of non-CIP irAEs, whereas no significant effect was observed for CIP. In contrast, PPI use was not an independent prognostic factor, suggesting that irAE occurrence is influenced by multiple factors beyond PPI use. This study highlights the importance of investigating the interplay between PPI exposure, irAE occurrence, and gut microbiome alterations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.