Trial reportNature medicine2026
Time-of-day immunochemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: a randomized phase 3 trial.
Trial report in Nature medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Time-of-Day Immunotherapy Administration and Outcomes in Advanced Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JAMA network open · 2026Pooled it
- Morning versus afternoon administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Trial
- Overall survival according to timing of immune checkpoint inhibitors administration in patients with advanced cancer: results from a large single-centre cohort analysis.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Unlocking the clock: a systematic review and meta-analysis on optimizing immune checkpoint inhibitor timing for advanced solid tumors.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Article
- Addressing Biases in Analysis of Time of Infusion: NCI/SWOG Trial S1404 Among Participants With High-Risk Resectable Melanoma Who Received Adjuvant Anti-PD-1 Therapy.JCO oncology practice · 2026Article
- Real-world evidence for the impact of circadian clock on the benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors in solid tumors.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Impact of time-of-day on immunochemotherapy efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Circadian rhythms and lung cancer biology and immunotherapy: Emerging opportunities and challenges.Chinese medical journal pulmonary and critical care medicine · 2026Review
- Time-of-day of first checkpoint inhibitor dose influences clinical outcomes and immune responses in hepatocellular carcinoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Serum exosomal miR-192-5p as a novel predictive biomarker for immunochemotherapy response in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Chrono-immunotherapy's current and future optimization strategies: immunotherapy timing in line with the circadian rhythm brings longer survival benefits.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Timing of immune checkpoint inhibitor infusion predicts survival in advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A retrospective cohort study.Therapeutic advances in medical oncology · 2026Article
- Impact of time-of-day on immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in cancer patients: an up-to-date clinical review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
- Expression of concern · 2026-02-19Concerns/Issues about Human Subject Welfare · Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions · Investigation by Journal/Publisher · Updated to Retraction · · see also: https://pubpeer.com/publications/C674C764D377B5B12F2106EDAD98A8
- Retraction · 2026-06-24Concerns/Issues about Data · Concerns/Issues about Methods · Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions · Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions · Investigation by Journal/Publisher · Investigation by Third Party · Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s) · · see also: https://pubpeer.com/publications/C674C764D377B5B12F2106EDAD98A8
- Retracted
Authors and funding
28 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Retrospective studies suggest that early time-of-day (ToD) infusions of immunochemotherapy may improve efficacy. However, prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to validate it. In this randomized phase 3 LungTIME-C01 trial, 210 patients with treatment naive stage IIIC-IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) lacking driver mutations were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either an early or late ToD group, defined by the administration of the first four cycles of an anti-PD-1 agent before or after 15:00 h. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS), while secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS) and objective response rate (ORR). After a median follow-up of 28.7 months, the median PFS was 11.3 months (95% confidence interval (CI) = 9.2-13.4) in the early ToD group and 5.7 months (95% CI = 5.2-6.2) in the late ToD group, corresponding to a hazard ratio (HR) for earlier disease progression of 0.40 (95% CI = 0.29-0.55; P < 0.001). The median OS was 28.0 months (95% CI = not estimable (NE)-NE) in the early ToD group and 16.8 months (95% CI = 13.7-19.9) in the late ToD group, corresponding to an HR of an earlier death of 0.42 (95% CI = 0.29-0.60; P < 0.001). Treatment-related adverse events were consistent with the established safety profile, with no new safety signals observed. No significant differences in immune-related adverse events were observed between the two groups. Over the first four cycles, morning circulating CD8
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.