Observational studyBMJ open2026
Association between repeat caesarean section and postpartum depression: an observational cohort study in Shanghai, China.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesAlthough caesarean section (CS) has been reported as one of the potential risk factors for postpartum depression (PPD), there is uncertainty about the association between repeat CS and the risk of developing PPD. We sought to explore whether repeat CS will further increase the risk of PPD compared with primary CS.
designObservational cohort study.
settingA tertiary maternity hospital in Shanghai, China.
participants571 women, aged 20 years and older, full-term parturients with singleton scheduled for elective primary or repeat CS were enrolled between December 2020 and September 2021. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: An increased risk of PPD was defined as the total scores of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale ≥11. The primary outcome was the risk of PPD at 6 weeks postpartum. Secondary outcomes included the risk of postpartum depressive symptoms at 48 hours after CS, pain situation at 48 hours after CS and 6 weeks postpartum.
resultsAmong the 571 women included in the final analyses, PPD at 6 weeks postpartum occurred in 41 women (24.0%) in the repeat CS group (n=171) versus 93 (23.3%) in the primary CS group (n=400). After adjusting for the confounders, repeat CS was not associated with higher odds of PPD at 6 weeks postpartum (adjusted relative risk (aRR), 1.04 (95% CIs 0.73 to 1.45); adjusted risk difference (aRD), 0.03 (95% CI -0.32 to 0.37), p=0.84). Compared with primary CS, women with repeat CS were more likely to report significant uterine contraction pain (NRS ≥4) at 48 hours after CS (aRR, 1.51 (95% CI 1.23 to 2.03); aRD, 0.41 (95% CI 0.12 to 0.71), p<0.01). There were no significant differences between the two groups for incidence of postpartum depressive symptoms at 48 hours after CS (aRR, 1.13 (95% CI 0.42 to 3.09); aRD, 0.13 (95% CI 0.13 to 0.13), p=0.81), and pain at 6 weeks postpartum.
conclusionsRepeat CS was not associated with the increased risk of PPD at 6 weeks postpartum in comparison to primary CS. But women undergoing elective repeat CS were more likely to suffer significant uterine contraction pain in early postoperative stage.
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