ArticleJournal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology2026
Diminishing Returns Among Black Patients With Cancer: The Intersection of Race and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status.
Article in Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Differential effects of social determinants on cancer survival by age at diagnosis: A population-based study in Alabama.Journal of geriatric oncology · 2026Article
- Residential Context and Survival Disparities in Black and White Women With Ovarian Cancer.JAMA network open · 2026Observational
- Race and Socioeconomic Status Impact Survival from Early and Late-Onset Colorectal Cancer.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeDespite narrowing racial gaps, disparities persist across cancer types and socioeconomic levels. The diminishing returns hypothesis suggests that economic advantage yields fewer health benefits for Black individuals but is largely unexplored in the context of cancer. We examined the diminishing returns among Black and White individuals across cancer types using a nationally representative study population.
methodsThe study analyzed cancer-specific survival among 5.3 million non-Hispanic Black and White adults diagnosed with primary cancer (2006-2020) using SEER-22. We assessed how race and neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) jointly affects survival across 21 cancer types. A 10-level race-SES variable was created, using White individuals in the highest-SES group as the reference. The main outcome was cancer-specific death. Diminishing returns were defined quantitively and qualitatively as worse survival for Black individuals even at higher SES. Cox models adjusted for demographics and clinical factors, with multiple imputation for missing data. Social gradients were also evaluated.
resultsBlack women showed strong evidence of diminishing returns overall and for seven cancers, especially uterine and breast cancers. A social gradient was also evident in cancers with diminishing returns, except uterine cancer. For Black men, diminishing returns were not observed across all cancers combined but was present in eight cancers-including prostate and colorectal cancers. Most cancers among men exhibited a strong social gradient. Findings were consistent by time period and upon restricting to localized and regional disease in sensitivity analyses.
conclusionHigher SES improves cancer survival for White patients but not Black patients, worsening racial disparities for certain cancers.
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