ArticleMarine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.)2026
Dynamic Transcriptomic Profiling of the HPG Axis Reveals Stage-Specific Regulatory Networks Underlying Natural Sex Change in Orange-Spotted Grouper (Epinephelus coioides).
Article in Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Protogynous sex change in teleosts involves dramatic gonadal restructuring, governed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Here, we established the dynamic regulatory atlas of the HPG axis during natural sex change in protogynous orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) through multi-tissue transcriptomics. Profiling hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonad tissues across ovarian, intersex, and testicular stages revealed minimal transcriptomic changes in the hypothalamus during ovarian-to-intersex transition but significant differential expression during intersex-to-testis progression. The pituitary showed pronounced activation during the intersex stage featuring fshb and cga upregulation, positioning FSH as a potential trigger of sex change. Gonadal transformation involved extensive transcriptional rewiring during sex change, with induction of male-determination genes (dmrt1, amh) and suppression of female pathways (cyp19a1a, foxl2). Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified stage-specific modules: an intersex gonad-specific module enriched for p53 signaling and oocyte meiosis pathways may facilitate ovarian regression through apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest where hub genes kpna2 and patl2 providing mechanistic insights into ovarian atresia, while a testis-specific module enriched for nucleic acid metabolism and spermatogenesis. This integrated multi-tissue analysis reveals how HPG axis coordination drives protogynous sex change, providing a foundation for future mechanistic studies.
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