ReviewCureus2026
Granulomas in the Heart: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management, and Outcomes in Cardiac Sarcoidosis.
Review in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is a rare but potentially fatal manifestation of systemic sarcoidosis, characterized by granulomatous myocardial inflammation that disrupts both cardiac structure and electrical conduction. This narrative review synthesizes current understanding of CS pathophysiology, including immune dysregulation, CD4⁺ T-cell and macrophage activity, cytokine signaling, and fibrosis. Genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers further contribute to disease risk and variability. Clinical presentations span a broad spectrum, ranging from silent conduction abnormalities to ventricular arrhythmias, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. Diagnostic evaluation integrates electrocardiography, echocardiography, cardiac MRI (CMR), fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), and endomyocardial biopsy, supported by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare (JMHW), and World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders (WASOG) criteria. Management involves immunosuppression with corticosteroids, steroid-sparing agents, and biologics; arrhythmia control through medications, catheter ablation, and device therapy; and guideline-directed heart-failure care, including mechanical support or transplantation when needed. Outcomes remain heterogeneous and depend on ventricular function, fibrosis burden, and timely treatment. Early recognition and coordinated multidisciplinary care are critical to improving survival.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.