Observational studyFrontiers in immunology2025
Immune signatures of sepsis from mild infection to critical illness - a prospective observational study.
Observational study in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Beta-lactam antibiotics have immunomodulatory effects in vitro, including changes consistent with sepsis-induced immunosuppression.Critical care (London, England) · 2026Article
- Decoding Immune Dysregulation in Sepsis Through Extracellular Vesicles: A Path to Precision Medicine.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Targeting VISTA for immunomodulation in sepsis: mechanisms and therapeutic potentials.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Parallel single-cell host immune profiling and pathogen genomic characterization inFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Observational
- Dendritic-cell depletion and dysfunction in sepsis: a compartment- and evidence-aware synthesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sepsis-induced immunosuppression is a phenomenon characterized by the development of several changes in immunophenotype which predispose to secondary infections and increased mortality risk. Immunomodulatory therapies have yet to reproducibly demonstrate benefit in large clinical trials. We propose that several changes consistent with an immunosuppressive phenotype in sepsis represent either adaptive changes or epiphenomenon, rather than direct drivers of outcome in infection and sepsis. We therefore conducted a prospective observational study of patients presenting with infections with a spectrum of illness severity, to evaluate canonical features of monocyte and lymphocyte immunosuppression using flow cytometry. Several features consistent with immunosuppression in sepsis are observed in mild infections and non-infectious acute conditions. These features may be better understood as markers along a continuum of illness severity rather than distinct features of critical illness. Monocyte HLA-DR and co-stimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86), and an increase in soluble PD-L1, discriminate between critically ill patients, patients with mild infection, and patients with non-infectious illness. In contrast, CD4
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.