Transforming Epilepsy Care: A Comprehensive Review of Technological Innovations, Artificial Intelligence Advancements, and Precision Tools for Enhanced Seizure Management and Patient Outcomes.

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by repeated, unprovoked seizures arising from abnormal electrical activity in the brain. The management of epilepsy presents several significant challenges. One of these challenges involves drug resistance, where seizures persist despite treatment with multiple antiepileptic drugs, requiring a tailored approach often involving complex medication regimens or alternative therapies. Additionally, antiepileptic medications can cause a range of side effects, from minor discomfort to severe complications, which can affect patient adherence and overall well-being. Accurate classification and diagnosis of seizures are crucial yet complex, potentially resulting in misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatments. These challenges can be addressed through the utilization of medical devices. A comprehensive assessment of medical apparatuses is utilized in the management of epilepsy, focusing on both implanted and non-invasive technologies. This examination encompasses implanted devices, such as neuromodulators, which are surgically inserted to address seizures in individuals with epilepsy who are resistant to pharmaceutical treatment, as well as noninvasive devices, including wearable technologies and mobile applications. These noninvasive devices enhance seizure detection and monitoring by leveraging advancements in electroencephalography, allowing for real-time data collection. Consequently, there has been an improvement in diagnostic precision and the facilitation of tailored treatment approaches.