ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2025
Epidemiological dynamics and early warning of norovirus and rotavirus A in Yantai City in 2023-2024 based on wastewater surveillance.
Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Wastewater-based surveillance and early warning-forecasting framework for norovirus: a two-year longitudinal study in Shenzhen, China.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
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9 authors.
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Abstract
Objective: The aim is to address the limitations of clinical surveillance-specifically, its high cost and underreporting of asymptomatic infections and untreated individuals-by implementing municipal wastewater surveillance. This study characterizes the epidemiological dynamics of Norovirus (NoV) and Rotavirus A (RVA) in Yantai City and evaluates the effectiveness of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) for early outbreak warning. Methods: From 2023 to 2024, weekly wastewater samples (1-2 samples per site) were collected from 10 municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) across five urban districts and three counties in Yantai City. Following concentration via polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, viral nucleic acids of NoV GI/GII and RVA were examined using multiplex reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), with quantification based on standard curves. Cross-correlation analysis was applied to assess time-lag relationships between viral concentrations in wastewater and clinical case peaks, and to evaluate the statistical significance (α = 0.05) of the early warning time window. Results: Wastewater surveillance (no. samples: 1,391) identified NoV GII as the dominant virus with an overall detection rate of 85.84%. However, from 2023 to 2024, its annual detection rate declined significantly from 92.27% to 73.81% ( Conclusion: Systematic wastewater surveillance effectively captured population-level epidemiological dynamics of NoV and RVA. Notably, NoV GII provided a significant one-month early warning signal (
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